AA
Authors Alterations, changes other than corrections, made by a client after the proofing process has begun. AAs are usually charged to a client as billable time.

absolute leading
The fixed amount of space between lines of text, generally measured in points.

Absorbency
The capacity a paper has for accepting liquids, like the inks or water used to run offset lithographic presses. see also ink absorption,ink holdout.

Acid-free paper
Paper manufactured on a paper machine with the wet-end chemistry controlled to a neutral or slightly alkaline pH. see also alkaline papermaking, archival, permanence, pH, wet end .

Acrobat
Acrobat: is part of a set of applications developed by Adobe to create and view PDF files. Acrobat is used to create the PDF files, and the freeware Acrobat Reader is used to read the PDF files.

Actual weight
The true weight of any volume of paper. The actual weight of paper is used to determine both purchase price and shipping costs. see also basic size, basis weight, weight.

Additives
Ingredients of paper other than pulp. Additives include clay fillers, dyes, sizing, and other chemicals. see also clay, ingredients of paper, papermaking, sizing.

Adobe Acrobat:
Suite of applications to create and view PDF files.

Aliasing
A jagged look of an image or type that happens when the resolution is inadequate or when images have been increased. The square pixels that make up the image are then visable to the naked eye. See also jaggies .

Alignment
Placing images or type to line up with an invisible grid or in relation to one another. This can be done vertically or horizontally. Text can be aligned to the left, right, center or justified .

Alkaline Papermaking
The manufacture of paper under alkaline conditions using additives, caustic fillers like calcium cand neutral size. Alkaline paperis usally used where aging resistance is desired. It's the logical choice for documents, books, and maps. All of Champion uncoated premium papers are made with an alkaline process, so they're long-lasting and well-suited for permanent record applications. see also acid-free paper, archival paper, calcuim carbonate, lignin, papermaking, permanence, pH, sizing.

Alley
The space between columns within a page. Not to be confused with the gutter, which is the combination of the inside margins of two facing pages.

Alpha channel
A special 8-bit grayscale channel that is used for saving a selection.

ALT-attribute
Part of the image source tag in HTML. A good web designer will always include text in all of your image sources for two reasons: (1) if any of your visitors choose not to view graphic images on your web pages, the alternative text will be shown; and (2) if your visitors use Internet Explorer as their browser and they leave the mouse over any graphic image, they will view the text in your ALT-attribute.

Alum
Also called hydrated aluminum sulfate or papermaker's alum. A papermaking chemical that's typically used when adding rosin size to pulp, alum imparts water-resistant properties to paper. In practical terms, it keeps paper from clinging to the presses, see also rosin, sizing.

Ampersand
The character "&" that is used to depict the word "and".

Animated GIF
A feature of the GIF89a (Graphics Interchange Format) file format containing two or more images that simulates motion/animation when viewed in a browser. The motion/animation can repeat continuously or play only once.

Animation
Animation is the creating a timed sequence or series of graphic images or frames together to give the appearance of continuous movement.

Anti-Aliasing
Smoothing or blending the transition of pixels in an image. Anti-aliasing the edges on a graphic image makes the edges appear smooth, not jagged.

Aqueous Coating
A water-based caoting applied after printing, either while the paper is still on press ("in line"), or after it's off press. An aque- ous coating usually gives a gloss, dull, or matte finish, and helps prevent the underlying ink from rubbing off. Unlike a UV coat- ing or a varnish, an aqueous coating will accept ink-jet printing, making it a natural choice for jobs that require printing addresses for mass mailings. see also coated paper, finishing, UV coating, varnish.

Archival Paper
Paper that's alkaline and won't deteriorate over time. Archival papers must meet national standards for permanence: they must be acid-free and alkaline with a pH of 7.5 to 8.5; include 2% calcium carbonate as an alkaline reserve; and not contain any groundwood or unbleached wook fiber. The expected life of archival paper is more than 100 years. see also acid-free, alkaline papermaking, permanence, pH.

Art Director
The individual responsible for overseeing the creative and production process and managing other creative individuals.

Ascender
In typography, the parts of lowercase letters that rise above the x-height of the font, e.g. b, d, f, h, k, I, and t.

ASP (Active Server Page)
A dynamically generated web page, generally using ActiveX scripting. When a browser or a search engine spider requests an ASP page from a server, the server generates the web page with HTML code and gives it to the browser or spider.

Axis
In Graphic Design, a line on a graph or grid used to show the position of a point. The plural of axis is axes.

Background
The area of an image or website that the principal objects or foreground sits.

Backing Up
Paper that's alkaline and won't deteriorate over time. Archival papers must meet national standards for permanence: they must be acid-free and alkaline with a pH of 7.5 to 8.5; include 2% calcium carbonate as an alkaline reserve; and not contain anyu ground wood or unbleached wook fiber. The expected life of archival paper is more than 100 years. see also acid-free, alkaline papermaking, permanence, pH.

banding
An abnormality occuring in gradations causing a stair-stepped appearance. Introducing noise to a gradient will help to reduce banding.

bandwidth
The measure of the speed of information or data as it flows between two points along a communications pipeline. Usually measured in bits per second or bps.

Banner
A banner is a graphic image (static, animated , or rich media ) that is placed on web sites as an advertisement. Banners are commonly used for brand awareness and generating sales.

Banner:
the title of a periodical, which appears on the cover of the magazine and on the first page of the newsletter. It contains the name of the publication and serial information, date, volume, number .

baseline
An imaginary line determined by the flat base of a lowercase letter such as " m ". The baseline establishes the base of a block of text. All upper and lowercase letters rest on this imaginary line.

baseline shift
Applying this attribute to a character of type moves it up or down from the baseline.

Basic Size
the customary sheet size used to establish the basis weight of a ream (500 sheets) of a given grade of paper. Standard basic sizes vary by paper grade. For example, the basic size of book paper is 25"x38", while the basic size of cover stock is 20"x26". see also basis weight, weight.

Basis Weight
the weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a given standard (basic size). Each major paper grade, like cover, bond, or offset, has its own basic sheet size, which determines its basis weight. For example, the basic size of book paper is 25"x38" for 500 sheets; therefore, 500 sheets of 70lb. offset book paper in 25"x38" will actually weigh 70 pounds. see also basic size, ream weight, weight.

Bevel
Adding a beveled effect to a graphic image gives the image a raised appearance by applying highlight colors and shadow colors to the inside and outside edges.

Bézier curve A type of curved line between two points (called control points). The curved line is defined by a mathematical formula and is used primarily in drawing programs such as Adobe Illustrator and Macromedia Freehand.

Binding
fastening papers together for easy reading, transport, and pro- textion. Papers may be bound together with a variety of materi- als, like wire, thread, glue, and plastic combs. types of binding see also finishing, folding, imposition, scoring, signature. "

Bitmap
A bitmap is a graphic file that is made up of square dots (pixels). Scaling these images to larger sizes result in these pixels becoming larger which can make the image look blocky with jagged edges.

Bitmap graphic
A graphic imange which is composed of a pattern of dots. The individual dots are stored as data on a computer. An example of an animation that is a bitmap graphic is a GIF animation .

Bitmap Image (bmp)
A graphic image stored as a specific arrangement of screen dots, or pixels. Web graphics are bitmap images. A graphic which is defined by specifying the colors of dots or pixels which make up the picture. Also known as raster graphics. Common types of bitmap graphics are GIF , JPEG , Photoshop, PCX, TIFF, Macintosh Paint, Microsoft Paint, PNG , FAX formats, and TGA.

Bit-mapped (mode)
the Paint graphics mode describes an image made of pixels where the pixel is either on (black) or off (white).

Black (font)
a font that has more weight than the bold version of a typeface.

Blade-coating
a method of coating paper and paperboard using a flexible blade to control the amount of coating applied to the paper. The coating is made of pigments, additives, and adhesives. Blade-coating can take place either on the papermaking machine or on an off-machine coater. While paper may be coated on one side (C1S) or both sides (C2S), blade-coated paper are usually calendared. This helps create a compressed sheet with a glossy surface, reduced bulk, and enhanced printed properties. see also bulk, calendering, clay, coated paper.

Blanket
see impression cylinder, offset.

Bleach Filtrate Recycling (BFR) process
Champion's groundbreaking new patented process that recycles precess wastes from the bleach plant instead of discharging them to the waste water treatment facility. This technology uses Champion's 0D100 bleaching process, and is being demonstrated at Champion's Canton, Norht Carolina mill. see also elemental chlorine free (ECF), OD100 process.

Bleaching
a chemical treatment used to whiten and purify pulp. Bleached pulp is known for being strong and durable. see also celemtal chlorine free (ECF), OD100 precess, papermaking, pulp. "Bleed an image or printed color that runs off the trimmed edge of a page. Bleeding one or more edges of a printed page generally increases both the amount of paper needed and the overall production cost of a printed job. Bleeds are created by trimming the page after printing.

Blind Embossing
stamping raised letters or images into paper using pressure and a die, but without using foil or ink to add color to the raised areas. Braille is an example of blind embossing. see also elemental chlorine free (ECF), OD100 process.

Block quote
a long quotation -- four or more lines -- within body text, that is set apart in order to clearly distinguish the author's words from the words that the author is quoting.

blueline
A blue photographic proof, made from actual printing plates, used to check positioning of images and text before a piece goes to print.

BMP
A computer graphics format "Bitmap IBM format" not generally used in professional printing.

Body type
roman -- normal, plain, or book -- type used for long passages of text, such a stories in a newsletter, magazine, or chapters in a book. Generally sized from 9 point to 14 point.

Bond Paper
a type of office reprographic paper, widely used for letterheads and business forms. Bond papers are characterized by strenght, durability, and performance during electronic printing. They are manufactured with a basic size of 17"x22". see also basic size, electronic printing, office reprographic paper, xerography.

Bonding Strength
the internal strength of a paper; the ability of the fibers within a paper to hold to one another. Bonding strength measures the ability of the paper to hold together on the printing press. Good bonding strength prevents fibers from coming loose ("picking"). see also picking, pick out, sizing.

Book Paper
a type of offset paper with a basic size of 25"x38". The primary applications for these products are book publishing, commercial printing, direct mail, technical documents, and manuals. see also basic size, offset papers, text papers.

Bookmark
Just as a paper bookmark is used as a reminder of the page you are on in a book, electronic bookmarks are used to bring you back to a web site or other site you may want to return to. The Netscape browser lets you bookmark any site and save the bookmarks in a file you can recall at any time. Microsoft Internet Explorer uses the term "favorite" instead of bookmark for the same concept.

Brightness
the reflectivity of pulp, paper, or paperboard under test condi- tions, using a specially calibrated measuring instrument. If paper lacks brightness it will absorb too much light, so little will reflect back through the ink. see also fluorescent dye, refractiviness, whiteness.

Bristol Paper
solid or laminated heavyweight paper made to a caliper thick- ness of .006" or higher. Bristols are generally used for tags, covers, and file folders and have a basic size of 24.5"x30.5". see also basic size, cover paper, tag paper.

Browser
The software used to view, manage, and access web pages by interpreting hypertext and hyperlinks. The two most common browsers are Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Web pages often appear differently depending on the brand and version of the browser intended to view them in.

Bulk
the thickness of a stack of paper, technically measured as the thickness of a specified number of sheets under a specified pressure. For example, using the measurement of an inch, it may take less that 100 bulky bristol sheets to make an inch- deep pile. On the other hand, it might take hundreds of sheets to make an inch of a lower-bulk text paper. Where thickness or the illusion of substance is a desired effect, bulk is a key factor. see also caliper, thickness

bullet
A dot at the beginning of a line or phrase used to get attention.

Burn
To expose photo sensitive media to light. i.e. Burning a negative or Burning a printing plate. Also, to "doge and burn" a photo print (makes the image darker in an area that is burned, ads detail to lightly exposed areas)

Byline:
in newsletter/magazine layout, a credit line for the author of an article.

C2S
paper that is coated on both sides (coated two sides).

Calcium Carbonte
CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of sources, including chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled hard water. Used as a filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process, calcium carbonate improves several important paper characteristics, like smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink; it also reduces paper acidity. It is a key ingredient in today's paper coatings. see also alkaline papermaking, ingredients of paper.

Calendering
the process of finishing a sheet of dried paper by pressing it between the highly polished metal cylinders of a calenar "stack". The calendar smoothes the paper by compression. see also finish, papermaking, smoothness, supercalendering.

Caliper
the thinkness of a single sheet of paper, as measured with a sensitive tool called a micrometer, and expressed in units of thousandths of an inch. Caliper is a critical measure of uniformity. Excessive variation in caliper can lead to print variation, undesirable visual effects, and uneven stretch or press-feeding problems. It can also create problems in folding and binding. see also bulk, thickness.

Callout
an explanatory label for an illustration, often drawn with a leader line pointing to a part of the illustration.

camera ready
Artwork that is completed and ready for photographic/digital conversion to film/plates for commercial printing.

Camera-ready copy
final publication material that is ready to be made into a negative for a printing plate. May be a computer file or actual print and images on a board.

Cap height
in typography, the distance from the baseline to the top of the capital letters.

caption
A short explanation or description normally positoned below a photo or image.

Case Binding see binding.

case sensitive
Terminology used to indicate that inputing upper or lowercase characters into a field are significant.

Cast Shadow
A cast shadow is similar to a drop shadow with added emphasis on perspective. Cast shadows can be rotated, stretched, and skewed to create a realistic 3D effect.

Cast-coating
paper produced with a surface that is a reasonably accurate replication of some other surface. To manufacture cast-coated paper, a paper web with wet or moistened coating is brought into contact with a polished chrome drum surface, which is replicated in the coated sheet. There are two basic cast-coating technologies: the "wet process", invented and developed by Champion in 1937; and the "re-wet" process. Both methods remain in use to produce the world's out- put of cast-coated products. The advantage of the "wet process," used to manufacture Champion Kromekote, is that the sheet is both smooth and absorbent, not just smooth, allowing for excel- lent ink transfer with minimal pressure. Cast-coated papers allow inks to set and dry quickly, making wet trapping easier and mini- mizing dot gain. In general, cast-coated papers uniquely combine a superior flat surface with excellent ink receptivity, making them the best of printing surfaces, regardless of the type of printing process. see also coated-paper, dot gain, finish, smoothness, wet trap.

Cellulose Fiber the main component of the walls of all plant cells, cellulose gives plants their structural support and makes plant material fibrous. Both cotton and wook fibers are mostly made up of cellulose. see also fiber, ingredients of paper, paper, pulping wood.

center spread
The two facing pages appearing in the center of a publication.

Character
any letter, figure, punctuation, symbol or space

Chemical Pulping
manufacturing pulp by pressure-cooking wook or other raw fibrous material into its component parts with solutions of various chemical liquors. The predominant chemical pulping process is the sulfate (kraft) process. see also kraft, papermaking, pulping wood.

Choke (Choking)
When trapping color closing in an area that has another color inside so the choked color overlaps, also spreading.

Chromalin
A color proofing system, usually the final color proof before going on the press. This is a high quality proof and all corrections and alterations should be made prior to this.

Clay
a naturally occuring substance commonly used in the paper industry. Clay is used as both a filler and a coating ingredient. By adding clay, papermakers can improve a paper's smooth- ness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink. see also additives, coated paper, filler, ingredients of paper, opacity.

Clip art
ready-made artwork sold or distributed for clipping and pasting into publications. Available in hard-copy books, and in electronic form, as files on disk.

CMYK
Stands for the colors C yan- M agenta- Y ellow-Blac k . In print design, colors are defined as a percentage of each of these 4 colors. For example, the CMYK abbreviation for the color black would be 0-0-0-100. In contrast, display devices (i.e. computer monitors) typically define colors using RGB.

Coated Paper
paper with an outer layer of coating applied to one of both sides. The coating may be added while the paper is still moving through the papermaking machine, or after it comes off the machine. Coated papers are available in a variety of finishes, like gloss, dull, and matte. They tend to have good ink holdout and minimal dot gain, which can be especially important for recreat- ing sharp, bright images, black and white halftones, and four-color process images. The smooth surface of coated papers also helps to reflect light evenly. see also cast-coating, clay, dot gain, dull coated, four-color process gloss, halftone, ink holdout, matte coated, off-machine coating.

Color Cast
A color cast changes the hue (color) of a selected part of an image while keeping the saturation and brightness intact. Viewing an image with a color cast can be similar to viewing it through colored lenses on eyeglasses. A commonly known color cast (in graphic design) is a duotone.

Color Key
A printer's proof usually used for viewing the individual layers of C,M,Y & K, four sheets of colored acetate, for examining the quality of process color separations.

Color Separation
Literally separating the areas of a piece to be printed into its component spot and process ink colors. Each color to be printed must have its own printing plate. Usually referred to in a photographic sense a color separation of a photo done either digitally or traditionaly on a scanner.

Color spacing
the addition of spaces to congested areas of words or word spacing to achieve a more pleasing appearance after the line has been set normally.

Colorcurve System
a color matching system based on light reflectance curves rather than on ink formulations. It is intended to coordinate colors across a variety of surfacesa and materials and to reduce metamerism. see also match color, metamerism, PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM, Toyo. "
Colorfastness having color that won't run when wet, and won't fade in bright light.

Column gutter
the space between columns of type.

Comp (comprehesive)
a complete but prospective example of a design project, demon- strating size, layout of images and type, use of color, and paper. see also dummy

Composite Image
A photograph or other graphic image, that is made of a combination of multiple images.

Comprehensive layout (comp)
a blueprint of the publication, showing exactly how the type will be set and positioned, and the treatment, sizing, and placement of illustrations on the page.

Compression
A method of packing data in order to save disk storage space or download time. JPEGs are generally compressed graphics files. Compression is a technique to make a file or a data stream smaller for faster transmission or to take up less storage space.

Condensed font
a font in which the set-widths of the characters is narrower than in the standard typeface. (Note: not the inter-character space -- that is accomplished through tracking).

continuous tone
Any image containing a virtually unlimited range of tones from the lightest to the darkest.

Continuous Tone
having an unbroken range of intensities, as found in black and white photographs. Continuous tone images have not been screened, and contain gradient tones from black to white. see also halftone, screen, stochastic.

Contrast
the degree of difference between light and dark areas in an image. Extreme lights and darks give an image high contrast. An image with a wide tonal range has lover contrast.

Conversion
The process of creating a three dimensional (3D) item from a flat sheet of paper. i.e. envelope conversion / box conversion

Cookie
A cookie is a message given to a web browser (such as Netscape or Explorer) by a web server. The purpose of cookies is to identify web site users/visitors and possibly prepare customized web pages for them.

Copy
generally refers to text -- typewritten pages, word-processing files, typeset galleys or pages -- although sometimes refers to all source materials (text and graphics) used in a publication.

Copy Writer
The individual who writes the written information or "copy" for an advertisement, newsletter, publication or brochure.

Copyfitting
the fitting of a variable amount of copy within a specific and fixed amount of space.

Copyright (?)
A group of legal rights granted to the author or creator of written or visual work. All work appearing with the ? symbol or the word "copyright" is protected by its creator or his heirs. For more information, contact your attorney.

copywriting
Creating copy especially for advertising and promotion.

Cotton Paper
paper with a minimum cotton fiber content of 25%, and a maxi- mum fiber content of 100%. When fiber other than cotton is used, the balance comes from wood pulp. Cotton pulp is made from rags or clippings from textile mills, raw cotton, and cotton linters. Cotton papers are primarily used as writing papers.

Counter
in typography, an enclosed area within a letter, in uppercase, lowercase, and numeric letterforms.

Cover Paper
heavier, generally stiffer paper commonly used for book covers, folders, greeting cards, business cards, and brochures. Uncoat- ed cover papers generally match the color and finish of corre- sponding text papers. The basic size of cover stock is 20"x26". see also basic size, text paper.

Creative Standard
term for a banner advertisement; can refer to the design or format of a banner. It can also refer to the process of creating a design.

crop marks
Marks at the corner of an image pointing out where to trim a printed page. Also called trim marks or corner marks.

crop
Trimming an image to fit a given space. Also this technique is used to eliminate unwanted parts of an image.

Cropping
This involves removing the outside edges of a photograph to remove excessive or irrelevant background content of a photo. This technique is often used to create interesting framing for images. Note that this is not the same as resizing, which keeps the image intact.

CSS
Abbreviation for C ascading S tyle S heet, a feature of HTML developed by the W3C. With Cascading Style sheets, both web designers and end users can create style templates (sheet) that specifies how different text elements (paragraphs, headings, hyperlinks , etc.) appear on a web page. Currently, not all browsers express CSS formatting in the same manner.

Curl
the waviness of a sheet of paper generally seen along its edges. Curling is generally the result of physical stresses or changes in humidity, and mayoccur at the paper mill, in the pressroom, on press, or after binding. Paper tends to curl along, rather than across, the grain of the paper. Recycled and recycled content papers have less tendency to curl than virgin fiber papers because their fibers are shorter. see also grain, relative humidity.

Cutlines
explanatory text, usually full sentences, that provides information about illustrations. Cutlines are sometimes called captions or legends; not to be confused with title-captions, which are headings for the illustration, or key-legends, which are part of the artwork.

Cut-size
writing or business papers that are cut to a finished size of 8.5"x11", 8.5"x14", or 11"x17". Cut-size papers, like Champion Inkjet, are usually packed in reams of 500 sheets before leaving the mill.

Cylinder Machine
a type of papermaking machine. Wire covered cylinders are rotated through a vat of pulp, and paper is formed as the water drains from the cylinder. Cylinder machines are mostly used for manufacturing paperboard. Multicylinder machines are capable or producing multi-layered paperboard (one layer for each cylinder). see also paperboard, papermaking.

Debossing
pressing letters or illustrations into a sheet of paper using a metal or plastic die to create a depressed (debossed) image. see also embossing.

Deckle Edge
the feathery edge on a sheet of paper, created as the paper machine sprays a stream of water or a jet of air across the paper as it's being formed. Deckle edges can also be created after the paper is made, using a die. This method creates a less feathery, harder-edged deckle.

Dedicated Line
A dedicated line is a permanent connection to the Internet using an individual, separate phone line.

Deinking
removing ink and other finishing materials, like coatings, sizings, and adhesives from printed paper. The complex deinking process is what makes recycling paper difficult and ultimately adds to the cost of a recycled sheet of paper. To produce high-quality recycled or recycled content papres for printing and writing, the deinking process needs to be thorough. The goal is to end up with reusable fiber that has few impurities, since impurities lower the quality of a reycyled sheet and can some- times damage equipment in the papermaking and printing process. Modern offset and flexographic ink, photocopier and laser printing "ink," ultraviolet and thermography coatings, and adhesives make it increasingly difficult to deink paper. deinking process see also bleaching, flotation, pulping wood, recycled paper.

Densitometer
an instrument used throughout a print run to measure the optical density of ink on paper.

Density
the weight of a sheet of paper as compared to its bulk. For example, a paper that weighs more than another paper but is thinner has a higher density. Compacting the fibers creates a dense paper. see also bulk, weight.

Descender
The part of a lowercase letter that falls below the body (baseline) of the letter. "g", "j", "p", "q" and "y" are all examples of letters with descenders.

Desktop Publishing
A process for creating camera ready and plate ready artwork on a personal computer.

DHTML
Stands D ynamic H ypertext M ark-up L anguage. DHTML is an HTML extension that allows web pages to react to the end users' input, such as displaying a web page based on the type of browser or computer end users are viewing a page with.

Die-cutting
using a formed, meta-edged die to precision cut , or to cut shapes into a piece of paper. If a printing project requires a custom-made die, the total cost of the job will increase.

Digital Imaging
The process of creating a digital output of an illustration, photographic image, computer file or other computer generated materials. Output media can be film, paper, transparencies, vinyl and other materials.

Digital Photography
The process of recording images using a digital camera or a conventional camera with a digital adapter, it records on a disk or on microchip whitch can then be downloaded directly to a computer in tiff, pict or eps format.

Digital Printing
A type of printing which uses digital imaging process that transfers the image directly onto plain paper imediately, without traditional offset rollers and plates.

Dimensional Stability
a measure of paper's tendency to stretch or shrink, especially when affected by changes in moisture content from humidity, the printing process, or even the passage of time. Paper that maintains its original dimensions has a high degree of dimen- sional stability. see also grain, relative humidity, resilience, runnability.

Dingbat typeface
a typeface made up of nonalphabetic marker characters, such as arrows, asterisks, encircled numbers.

direct to plate
Directly exposing image data onto printing plates without using film.
"direct to press Directly transferring image data to printing cylinders in a printing press, eliminating film and printing plates.

Directory
A directory (such as Yahoo, commonly mistaken for a search engine ) depends on people for listings. The main difference between a search engine and a directory is that a directory does not make use of a spider or robot. One of the defining characteristics of a directory is that it is usually divided into categories.

Discretionary hyphen
a hyphen that will occur only if the word appears at the end of a line, not if the word appears in the middle of a line.

Dispersion see deinking

Display type
large and/or decorative type used for headlines and as graphic elements in display pieces. Common sizes are 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, and 72 point.

Dither
for digital halftones, the creation of a flat bitmap by simply rutning dots off or on. All dots are the same size there are simply more of them in dark areas and fewer of them in light areas -- as opposed to deep bitmaps used in gray-scale images.

Dithered/Dithering
In order to display a full-color graphic image on a 256-color monitor, computers must simulate the colors it cannot display. They do this by dithering which is combining pixels from a 256-color palette into patterns that approximate other colors. At a distance, the human eye merges the pixels into a single color. Up close, the graphic image will appear pixelated and speckled.

Dithering
This is a process used in making an image (like in a GIF file that has 256 colors or less) appear to have more colors than it really does. This is done by blending pixels using patterns that approximate the colors it is trying to produce. Up close, this dithering looks quite dotty and speckled, but at a normal viewing distance, the effect of more colors and cleaner transitions can be obtained.

DNS
Stands for D omain N ame S ystem. The DNS translates URL text addresses (such as grantasticdesigns.com) into a numeric Internet address (such as 201.214.12.6).

document
A file created on a computer by software. Known also as a data file .

Doorway Page
Web pages created specifically for search engine positions. Also known as gateway page or a bridge page.

Dot Compensation
adjusting the size of the dots in halftones or four-color images to allow for dot gain and to ensure that the color and detail of the image print as intended. see also dot gain, four-color process, halftone, ink holdout, screen.

Dot Gain
A printing term which describes wet ink coming in contact with paper and spreading as it is transfers. As the halftone dots are applied to the paper, the wet ink spreads, causing the dots to increase in size and halftones to appear darker. Paper weight, type of paper (coated or uncoated), press type (especially web presses), effect the amount of dot gain in a given printed piece. You may compensate for dot gain by calculating the dot gain before a print job and lessen the density of the images to be printed before you output film. See also dot compensation, four-color process, halftone.

Dots Per Inch- (or dpi)
This specifies the resolution of an output device, like a printer or printer press. This print resolution varies depending on what kind of output is required.

double truck
Any two facing pages of a publication where the content traverses the gutter to cover the two center pages of a section. Also known as a truck or double-page spread.

DPI (dot per inch)
the unit of measurement used to describe the resolution of printed output or the number of dots that fit horizontally and vertically into a one- inch measure. Generally, the more dots per inch, the more detail is captured, and the sharper the resulting image. see also halftone, lines per inch, screen.

Drop shadow
Drop shadows are those shadows dropping below text or images which gives the illusion of shadows from lighting and gives a 3D effect to the object.

Drop-Down Menu
In an online form, a drop-down menu (also known as a pull-down menu) looks like the following:

Dry End
the drying section of the papermaking machine, after the press setion, at which point most water has been removed from the paper. As paper moves through the dry end, the drying process is completed and the paper reel is wound. see also drying, felt, papermaking, wet end.

Dry Trap
a layer of wet ink being applied over a previous layer of dry ink in a separate run of the printing press. Dry trapping usually pro- duces sharper images than wet trapping because subsequent layers of ink aren't diluted by prior wet or damp layers. Dry trap- ping is also more expensive because the paper travels through the press more than once. see also trapping, wet trap.

Drying
the step in the papermaking process that brings the moisture content of paper to approximately 5%. This is done by moving the web of paper around a series of heated iron drums in the dry end of the paper machine. see also dry end, papermaking.

Dryography
waterless offset lithography. This printing process is able to use extremely fine line screens to produce high resolution printing. see also offset, waterless printing.

Dull Coated
a coated paper finish that falls between glossy and matte. see also coated paper, gloss, matte coated.

Dummy
an unprinted mock-up of a book, brochure, or "to-be-printed" piece. A dummy is made of the same paper stocks that will be used in the finished piece, and serves as a reference for the cliet, designer, printer, mailing, house, or distributor. The print- er, paper, merchant, or paper consultant generally provides the dummy at the request of the designer. see also comp, paper consultant.

Duotone
a two-color halftone of the same imaegs created with two screens, two plates, and two colors. Most halftones are one-color halftones, printed with black ink on white paper. By blending the black of the tiny ink dots and the white of the paper, the human eye sees shades of gray. Duotones are made by printing an image with two colors, generally black and a second color. The full range of tones are printed black and the middle range of tones are printed in the second color. The result is a striking image with more richness and depth that a one-color halftone. The image can be further enhanced by printing a tritone or a quadratone; these are also reproductions of black and white images, perhaps with a touch of color. The cost of printing tritones or quadratones may be as high as or higher than four- color process printing. see also four-color process, halftone, quadratone, screen, tritone.

Dust
tiny, free pieces of fiber, filler, and/or coating on paper. During printing, dust may adhere to the blanket and create imperfec- tions by not allowing ink to reach the paper surface. see also hickey, jog.

Elctrophotography
a printing process that uses principles of electricity and electrically-charged particles to create images. In photocopiers and laser printers, electric charges create the image on an electrophographic surface that works as a printing plate. This surface is cleared after each image or copy is made, and is used over again for the next copy. see also electronic printing, printing process, xerography.

Electronic Printing
a printing method that creates images using electrostatic charges, rather than by pressing ink onto a plate. Photocopiers and inkjet or laser printers use electronic printing. see also electrophotography, printing methods, xerography.

Electronic Publishing
A new process by which information is distributed in electronic formats. The internet is a prime example of electronic publishing. Also books on CD ROM are considered Electronic publishing.

element
Any object in a drawing application such as text, a shape, a line, a photo or an image.

Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF)
the more common name for molecular chlorine free, and a bleaching that dosn't use chlorine gas. Champion is a leader in ECF technology, using chlorine dioxide rather than elemental chlorine in the pulp and bleaching processes. see also bleaching, OD100 process, papermaking

Em Space
A lateral space equal to the width of the lower case letter "m". Likewise, En space, is the space of the lower case "n". Used in typography and typesetting.

em
The width occupied by the capital letter " M " in a normal font. (not a condensed or expanded font)

Emboss
A process by which a dye is used for raising an area of paper to create letterforms, shapes and textures. The dye can be made of magnesium, which is created from exposing light to the magnesium and leaving only the form of the artwork to be pressed into paper, or brass which is hand done, is more expensive but looks very good with beveled edges and fine detail. see also blind embossing, debossing.

emulsion
A photosensitive chemical coating used on on photographic film, paper, or glass.

Emulsion
The chemically treated side of photographic film. (The dull side not the shiny side.) Depending on the printing process involved, film will be requested usually as "right reading emulsion down".
en Half the width of an em.

En space
a space half as wide as the type is high (half an em space)

Enamel
a general term referring to coated paper that has a higher basis weight than coated publication (magazine) paper, but a lower basis weight and caliper than coated cover paper. An example of enamel is Champion Kromekote Enamel. see also C2S, coated paper.

Engraving
a printing process using intaglio, or recessed plates. Made from steel or copper, engraving plates cost more than plates used in most other printing processes, such as lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the plate while the printing press exerts force on the paper, pushing it into the wells and onto the ink. The pressure creates raised letters and images on the front of the page and indentations on the back. The raised lettering effect of engraving can be simulated using a less costly process, called thermography. see also intaglio, plate, printing process, thermography.

Envelope
paper that is folded and glued in a wide variety of sizes and shapes, for containing letter of other materials. Many printing jobs will end up in an envelope. The closer a finished piece is to an envelope size, the easier it will be to mail and the less chance it will be damaged by jostling around inside the envelope. An envelope maker can make just about any size envelope needed, but a custom envelope requires a custom die and carries a custom price.

EPS (EPSF) Encapsulated Postscript File
A vector based, computer graphics file format developed by Adobe Systems. EPS is the preferred format for many computer illustrations, because of its efficient use of memory and fine color control. The artwork description is "plotted" by the computer. Example: point "A" has a line that goes to point "B" then continues to point "C", and is filled with a color. (bitmapped artwork atributes a color for every pixel on the computer screen and is not postscript)

Error 404
This error message means Page Not Found (on a server).

Expanded (font):
a font in which the set widths of the characters are wider than in the standard typeface. (Note: not the intercharacter space -- that is accomplished through letterspacing -- but the characters themselves).

Export
The process of saving a graphics file to a format that can be opened in another program. These formats are usually not the native format of the program you are exporting from.

Extended type
typefaces that are wide horizontally -- Hellenic, Latin Wide, Egyptian Expanded, Microgramma Extended, etc.

E-Zine or Ezine
Stands for electronic magazine and is a name for a web site which is either (a) modeled after a print magazine or (b) a magazine that is only available online or through email.

FAQ
Stands for Frequently Asked Questions

feather
A progressive fading away of the edge of an image, blending it with the background. Feathering tools are found in image editing programs such as Adobe Photoshop.

Feather
to insert small amounts of additional leading between lines, paragraphs, and before and after headings in order to equalize the baselines of columns on a page.

Feathering
Feathering the edge of a graphic image gradually dissipates the edge, making the edge look blurry.

Felt
a fabric of natural or synthetic fibers used in the press section of a papermkaing machine to absorb water from the paper as it is manufactured. see also felt finish, papermaking.

Felt Finish
a soft texture that affects the look but not the strength of an uncoated paper. A felt finish can be created at the wet end during the papermaking process in one of two ways; either with a roll that is covered with a felt, or with a rubber roll with a felt-patterned finish. An embossed felt finish is creat- ed off the machine, after the paper has dried. Champion Carnival Felt is an example of a paper with a felt finish created during the papermaking process. see also felt finish, finish, papermaking, wet end.

Felt Side
the top side of the paper, which comes in contact with the dandy roll and felts during the papermaking process. The bottom side of the paper, which comes in contact with the wire (forming fab- ric) or the papermaking machine, is called the wire side. The felt side of a paper may appear to be softer, while the wire side of a paper may have more "tooth." During printing, the softer texture of the felt side of an uncoated paper may pick up slightly more ink than the wire side of the same sheet, and the printer may have to adjust ink densities to compensate for this. Paper is generally packed and shipped as it is made: felt side up. see also finish, papermaking, tooth, two-sidedness, wire side.

Fiber
filaments of plant tissue, such as cottom fiber and wood fiber. Some specialty papers may contain synthetic fibers, such as rayon or nylon. see also ingredients of paper.

Fiber-added Paper
paper with visible fibers, flecks, and specks. The term may be a bit misleading because all paper is made from fiber. The most common fiber additives are wood chips, colored cotton fibers, and colored rayon fibers. see also recycled paper, recycled-content paper.

file
A collection of data stored on a disk. This can be a document, an application or resource. "
file extension An optional addition to the file name as an abbreviated suffix at the end of a filename. (such as photo .eps ) It is used to describe the file type or application that created the file. It is always separated from the filename by a period.

filename
A name given to a particular file.

Filler
materials like clay added to pulp before it's formed into paper. Fillers improve a sheet's smoothness, brightness, and affinity for ink. see also clay, ingredients of paper.

Findability
A term used in online marketing that describes a web site's ability to be found easily via the search engines , directories , and other online resources.

Finish
the surface characteristics of a paper. Finishes may be created on-machine or off-machine. On-machine finishing can be done two ways: for a smooth or vellum finish, pressure is imparted on the sheet with a finishing "stack." Laid of felt finishes are made with a marking roll, which actually presses the pattern into the paper shile it's still wet. Off-machine finishes are called embosses. This is a separate step that presses the paper between a steel pattern roll and either a hard cotton backing roll (to create the finish on both sides), or a plastic roll (for smoothness on one side). Several generic terms describe the various finishes of uncoated paper, such as vellum, smooth, and laid. Individual paper manufacturers may not use these terms consistently, instead unsing unique finishes or unique names for common finishes. see also calendering, embossed, papermaking, supercalender.

Finishing
preparing printed pages for use. Most printed jobs require one or more finishing steps, such as trimming, folding, or binding. see also binding, folding, trimming.

Flash
Vector graphic animation software from Macromedia that allows Flash graphics to look the same across all browsers, as long as the plug-in is installed. One of the advantages of Flash animations is their relatively fast download time.

Flexography
a direct (not offset) printing method that uses relief plates, similar to rubber stamps, which are made from rubber or photopolymer. The flexible plates are wrapped around a cylinder on the printing press. "Flexo" workds best when printing large areas of solid color, making it popular for printing plastic bags, wrapping paper, and milk cartons. It's also used for the Sunday color comics and newspaper inserts. Rubber manufactures, eager to find new uses for rubber, have invested heavily in flex- ographic research, and improvements have been made in ink coverage and four-color registration. see also four-color process, offset, plate, printing process, registration, relief.

FlightCheck
This is a prepress program that reads a disk (or other media) and checks for and identifies missing fonts, embedded graphics, bad traps, and many other potential problems.

Floatation
a method for removing ink from paper during the deinking process by floating if off the paper. see also deinking.

Fluorescent Dye
a coloring agent added to paper to increase its brightness. Fluorescent dyes give white papers added brilliance in natural light and may add a slight cast like blue or green. see also brightness, refractiveness, whiteness.

Focaltone
A proprietary color matching system for process color.

Foil Stamping
to cover paper with a thin, flexible sheet of metal or other material. The foil, which may be clear or opaque, comes in a range of colors, and is carried on a plastic sheet. Stamping separates the foil from the plastic and makes it adhere to the paper. Foild stamping can be combined with embossing or debossing as an added design element. see also debossing, embossing.

Folding
doubling up a sheet of paper so that one part lies on top of another. Folding stresses the paper fibers. To create a smooth, straight fold, heavy papers, like cover stocks and bristols, need to be scored before they're folded. Multiple fold strength is important in printed pieces like books, maps, and pamplets. It's far less important in one-fold opera- tions like greeting cards or envelops, where fold cracking is the vital consideration. Folding strength is negatively affected y the drying heat of various printing and finishing operations. see also binding, finishing, gatefold, imposition, scoring, signature.

Folio
a page number, often set with running headers or footers.

Font
A font is a complete set of characters in a particular size and style of type. This includes the letter set, the number set, and all of the special character and diacritical marks you get by pressing the shift, option, or command/control keys. For example, Times NewRoman Bold Italic is one font, and Times NewRoman Bold is another font. Times NewRoman is a single typeface .

Form
the assembled pages and images as printed on a single large sheet, before trimming. With the correct imposition, the pages of a form will be in correct order after folding and trimming. Once folded and trimmed, a form becomes a "signature." see also folding, imposition, signature, trimming.

Formation
the uniformity of fibers in a sheet of paper. For example, paper with fine formation has evenly dispersed fibers, and will be smoother and more uniform than a paper with uneven forma- tion. The tighter the fibers are bound, the more uniform the surface, and the better the printed sheet usually looks. see also fiber, grain.

Forms
HTML tags that define and label text-entry boxes , check boxes , radio buttons , and/or drop-down menus to create simple on-screen forms for collecting information from the viewer.

Four-color Process
a method that uses dots of magenta (red), cyan (blue), yellow, and black to simulate the continuous tones and variety of colors in a color image. Reproducing a four-color image begins with separating the image into four different halftones by using color filters of the opposite (or negative) color. For instance, a red fil- ter is used to capture the cyan halftone, a blue filter is used to capture the yellow halftone, and a green filter is used to capture the magenta halftone. Because a printing press can't change the tone intensity of ink, four-color process relies on a trick of the eye to mimic light and dark areas. Each halftone separation is printed with its process color (magenta, cyan, yellow, and black). When we look at the final result, our eyes blend the dots to recreate the continuous tones and variety of colors we see in a color photograph, painting, or drawing. see also color separation, continuous tone, dots per inch, halftone, screen subtractive color, touchplate.

Fourdrinier
a papermaking machine with a horizontal continuous wire belt. A slurry of pulp is poured or sprayed onto the wire (forming fabric); the water is then drained off and pressed out; and the paper is dried. see also papermaking.

Frame
In animation , a frame is a single graphic image in a sequence of graphic images.

Frames
In HTML, providing the ability to break a web page into multiple, separately scrollable areas. Because some search engines cannot follow links in a framed web site, a good web designer will contain text in a NOFRAMES-tag and provide a link for search engines to index your site.

Freesheet
paper that contains no more than 10% mechanical wood pulp. Most freesheet papers are "free" of mechanical (groundwood) pulp. see also pulping wood, uncoated freesheet, uncoated paper

Freeware
Software distributed for free on the web.

FTP Stands for F ile T ransfer P rotocol. FTP allows you to copy or send files (HTML-documents, graphic images, spreadsheets) from one computer to another via the Internet.

Fuorescent Inks
printing inks that both emit and reflect light. Generally, these inks are brighter and more opaque than traditional inks. Using one or more fluorescent inks can actually brighten a printed image - especially four-color process printing on uncoated stock. On the down side, fluorescent inks are not colorfast and will fade in bright light and sunlight over time. They can also have a negative effect on dot gain and trapping, making the printing less sharp and without as much detail. see also dot gain, trapping

Furnish
fully prepared pulp and all its ingredients: fiber, fillers, sizing, and pigments - diluted with water and ready for the papermak- ing machine. Furnish contains about 99% water. see also paper, pulp, slurry.

Gatefold
two or more parallel folds on a sheet of paper with the end flaps folding inward. see also folding.

GIF
An eight bit (256 colors or shades of grey) or less computer file format by Compuserve. Commonly used to post photographic images to computer bulletin boards and the internet, GIF files are almost never used for professional printing.

Gloss
the property that's responsible for coated paper's shiny or lustrous appearance; also the measure of a sheet's surface reflectivity. Gloss is often associated with quality: higher qua- lity coated papers exhibit hight gloss. Champion Kromekote is a paper noted and sold for its exceptionally high gloss. see also cast coating, coated paper.

Glow
A glow is the opposite of a shadow in that it creates a surrounding highlight of an image. A high radiance creates a soft, subtle glow and a low radiance creates a hard, bright glow, such as a neon glow.

Grade
a type or class of paper identified as having the same composi- tion and characteristics. Grade is a generic paper category, such as writing, offset, cover, tag, and index paper. It can also refer to the quality level of the paper; or to a mill's specific brank of paper, such as Champion Carnival, Benefit, or Kromekote.

gradient
A smooth progression from one color or tone to another involving two or more colors.

Grain Long
grain running along the length, or long side, of a sheet of paper (23"x35"). Fibers line up parallel to the long side of the paper. This book in your hands is an example of grain-long binding. see also grain, grain short.

Grain Short
grain running along the width, or short side, of a sheet of paper (35"x23"). Fibers line up parallel to the short side of the paper. see also grain, grain long.

Grain
the direction in which more fibers lie in a sheet of paper. As paper is formed, the slurry of fibers moves forward on the forming wire at high speeds, aligning the fibers in the direction of the movement and creating the grain. At the same time, the machine shakes the slurry of fibers from side to side, so that the fibers crisscross. This crisscrossing creates a web of fibers, and gives the paper strength in both directions while maintaining a predominant grain, or direction. As the moisture in the air changes, the individual fibers take in moisture and swell sideways, rather than from end to end; this explains why paper will expand or shrink across the grain, and is more flexible along the grain and stiffer against the grain. For books and other bound work, the grain should run parallel with the binding, creating a smoother fold, making the pages easier to turn, and allowing the paper to swell across the grain. If the binding runs across the grain, the free ends of the paper will swell or shrink with moisture changes, but the bound ends will not. The book will buckle and the binding will weaken. With sheet paper, the grain direction is indicated by underscor- ing the dimension along which the grain lies, or by changing the order of the numbers. For example, a 23"x35" sheet is grain long; a grain short sheet is indicated by 25"x35", or 35"x23". On web paper, the grain runs along the length of the paper web. see also binding, formation, grain long, grain short, papermaking, slurry.

Grammage
weight in grams of a quantity of paper cut to sheets that measure one square meter. see also weight.

Graphic
A non text item, illustration, photograph or artwork.

Graphic Backgrounds
The bottom-most layer on a web page, usually with either a design or color that highlights the above copy. A small graphic can be tiled to create a background texture for a web page.

Graphic design
Visual representation of an idea or concept. The term is used as a collective name for all activities relating to visual design, including web design, logo design etc.

Graphic Designer
The person who puts Graphic Designs together, many of whom now use computers, drafting and illustration techniques and other tools to create with.

Gravure
a printing process that uses intaglio, or recessed, image carri- ers. The image carrier, which is flat or cylindrical, moves through an ink pool. A blade scrapes excess ink off the plane of the plate, leaving ink in the recessed wells. A second cylinder presses the paper onto the plates, where it picks up ink from the wells. The high speed of gravure presses and the durability of the metal intaglio plates make gravure an economical printing method suitable for large print runs (more than two million copies). see also intaglio, plate, printing methods

grayscale
An application of black ink (for print) or the color black (for the screen) that simulates a range of tones. Grayscale images have no hue (color). In print design, a grayscale graphic image appears to be black, white, and shades of gray, but it only uses a single color ink.

Greek
Usually nonsense words and letterforms that are not legible, used in a design to aproximate the "color" of a page. Used primarily before final text is available for a client comps.

Greeked text
in page-assembly programs, text that appears as gray bars approximating the lines of type rather than actual characters. This speeds up the amount of time it takes to draw images on the screen.

Greyscale
This is a color mode where there are no colors in use. There is just black, white, and various shades in between. In the print world, a greyscale image is actually made up of just black ink. The value of the grey depends on the density and size of the black dots printed. In photographs, halftones are produced to simulate various shades.

Gripper Edge
the leading edge of paper that moves through a printing press or folding machine. No printing can take place on the outside 3/8" of the paper on the gripper edge. see also gripper.

Gripper
the row of clips holding the sheet of paper as it speeds through the press. see also gripper edge.

Groove Finish
a textured paper like Champion Carnival Groove, with shallow, parallel furrows or grooves running along the surface. This finish is created by embossing the paper after it comes off the paper- making machine. see also embossing, finishes.

Groundwood Paper
paper that contains between 10 and 75% of groundwood pulp. The groundwood pulping process, also know as mechanical pulping, leaves many natural impurities, like lignin, in the paper. As a result, groundwood paper is less bright and ages faster than freesheet paper, which is made from chemical pulping. Groundwood paper isn't recommended for any printed matter that is expected to last over time. The advantages of ground- wood are that it's lightweight, bulky, and economical. An example of a groundwood paper is Champion Maineweb, manufactured for catalogs and magazines. see also bulk, freesheet, lignin, pulping wood, uncoated groundwood.

GUI
(Graphical User Interface) This is a u ser interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text. When designing a website, it is important to design the GUI effectively.

Guillotine
a machine used to trim stacks of paper, which works like the original French guillotine worked. A cutting blade moves between two upright guides and slices the paper uniformly as it moves downward. see also trimming, trim size.

Gutter
In double-sided documents, the combination of the inside margins of facing pages; the gutter should be wide enough to accommodate binding.

halftone
A process that will reproduce a continous tone image on a press by splitting up the image into a pattern of dots. The dots vary in size, determining tones or shades.

Halftone screen
in traditional publishing, the screen through which a continuous-tone image is photographed, measured in lines per inch. Although digital halftones are not actually photographed through a screen, the term is still used to describe the size of the dots; the larger the dots (fewer lines per inch), the more grainy the image. Special screens can be used for special effects.

Hang indent alignment
type set so that the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented.

Hard hyphen
a non breaking hyphen, used when the two parts of the hyphenated word should not be separated. As opposed to a soft (or normal) hyphen, on which the word-wrapping function of a program will break a line.

Hard return
a return created by the Return or Enter key, as opposed to a word-wrap, or soft return, which will adjust according to the character count and column width.

Hardwood Pulp
pulp made from deciduous trees (trees that drop their leaves, such as maple and oak). Hardwood pulp has short fibers, which give paper bulk, body, and smoothness. Papers are often made from a blend of hardwood and softwood pulps, combining the qualities of both into a single paper. see also softwood pulp.

Head
a line or lines of copy set in a larger face than the body copy.

Headbox
the compartment that holds pulp slurry before it is sprayed or poured onto the paper-forming wire of a papermaking machine. see also papermaking, slurry, wet-end

Hexachrome
A proprietary color separation process, developed by Pantone, that uses six (6) instead of four process colors.

Hexadecimal
A numbering system which uses a base of 16. The first ten digits are 0-9 and the next six are A-F. Hexadecimal numbers are used to color web pages. For example, the hexadecimal equivalent for the color white is #FFFFFF.

Hickey
an irregularity in the ink coverage of a printed area. Hickeys are caused by paper or pressroom dust, dirt, or pick out on the printing blanket, all of which prevents the ink from adhering to the paper surface. see also dust, picking, pick out

HLS
A color model that characterizes colors by h ue, l ightness and s aturation.

HSB
A color model that characterizes colors by h ue, s aturation and b rightness.

HSV
A color model that characterizes colors by h ue, s aturation and v alue.

HTML
Abbreviation for H yper t ext M arkup L anguage; a cross-platform text-formatting system for creating web pages, including copy, images, sounds, frames, animation and more.

Hue
The actual color of an object. Hue is measured as a location on a color wheel, expressed in degrees. Hue is also understood as the names of specific colors, like blue, red, yellow, etc.

Hydropulper
equipment used to slurry pulp. Water is added to dry pulp and fillers, and agitated until the mixture becomes about the consis- tency of oatmeal cereal. see also papermaking, slurry.

Hyperlink
A hyperlink, more commonly called a link, is an electronic connection between one web page to either (1) other web pages on the same web site, or (2) web pages located on another web site. More specifically, a hyperlink is a connection between one page of a hypertext document to another.

Hypertext
Hypertext is any text that can be chosen by a reader and which causes another document to be retrieved and displayed.

Hyphenation zone
For ragged-right text, an arbitrary zone about 1/5 to 1/10 of the length of the line; if a long word is not hyphenated and leaves a gap within that zone, discretionary hyphens are used to fill the line.

Image area
the area on a page within which copy is positioned; determined by the margins.
image editor A pixel-based application (such as Adobe Photoshop) used for manipulating scanned or computer generated images.

image map
A website term that refers to an image containing embedded links to urls, images or documents. A link is activated when clicking on the proper area of the image.

Imagesetter
A high resolution device that prints directly to plate ready film. Many imagesetters outpur film at 2400 DPI (dots per inch).

Imposition
also called image assembly; refers to assembling printed matter in a way that results in pages appearing in correct sequence. imposition process see also backing up, folding, form, make-ready, manufacturing order signature.

Impression Cylinder
the cylinder or flat bed of a printing press that holds paper while an inked image from the blanket is pressed upon it. see also offset planographic.

Inch
A unit of measurement equal to six (6) picas or seventy two (72) points.

Index Paper
a stiff, inexpensive paper with a smooth finish. The high bulk but low weight of this paper makes it a popular choice for business reply cards. The basic size of index paper is 25.5"x30.5". see also basic size.

Information Page
A static web page that is designed, coded, and written primarily for a target audience but formatted for optimal search engine and directory positioning.

Ingredients of Paper
all the materials used to make the mat of fibers known as paper. The one essential ingredient is cellulose fiber. The rest of the ingredients enhance the paper adding body, reducing cost, or changing color. see also cellulose fiber, clay, filler, furnish, papermaking, pigment pulp, resin, sizing.

Ink
a combination of pigment, pigment carrier or vehicle, and additives. Careful ink formulation by the printer can reduce or prevent smudging, unevenness, picking, and additional printing problems associated with ink. The ink used for a particular job depends on the paper specified and the printing process used. see also dry trap, tack, UV ink, vegetable-based ink, wet trap.

Ink Absorption
capacity to accept or absorb ink. see also absorbency, ink holdout.

Ink Holdout
resistance to the penetration of ink. Coated papers tend to have good ink holdout. The ink pigments sit on the surface of the coating, and are not absorbed into the spaces between the paper fibers. This minimizes dot spread and results in a sharp image. Uncoated papers tend to absorb ink into the sheet, but printers can compensate for this and still produce a very bright, sharp image on uncoated paper. see also coated paper, dot compensation, ink absorption.

Intaglio
a method of printing in which an image or letter is cut into the surface of wood or metal, creating tiny wells. Printing ink sits in these wells, and the paper is pressed onto the plate and into the wells, picking up the ink. see also engraving, gravure, printing methods.

Interlace
This is a web graphic technique used to have an image appear in steps (with a rough image appearing first, and then progressively getting more detail), rather than waiting for the full source image to appear. This is getting less and less used as broadband Internet picks up steam.

Interlaced GIF
A feature of the GIF89a (Graphics Interchange Format) file format that displays images in two passes of alternating lines rather than loading images one line at a time.

Internet
The interconnected structure of networks connecting computers around the world.

Interstitial An interstitial is a web advertisement that appears in a separate browser window, other than the target web page.

Italic
any slanted or leaning letter designed to complement or be compatible with a companion roman typeface.

jaggies
A jagged look of an image or type that happens when the resolution is inadequate or when images have been increased. The square pixels that make up the image are then visable to the naked eye. Also called aliasing .

Java
Java is a programming language, created by Sun Microsystems, which allows small applications to be downloaded into your computer for playback. Java can be used for such simple applications as animation to more complex applications such as a calculator.

JavaScript
Netscape's cross-platform scripting language that provides a more simple method (as opposed to Java) of applying dynamic effects to websites. Microsoft supports a similar language called JScript.

Jog
to shake a stack of papers, either on a machine or by hand, so that the edges line up. Printers jog the paper to get rid of any dust or particles, and to ensure proper feeding into the press.

Jpeg
( J oint P hotographic E xperts G roup). This is the main format used on the Internet (and elsewhere) for photographic/continuous toned images. Because the Jpeg format uses compression, you can often obtain much smaller file sizes and still maintain photographic quality. JPEG images allow for more colors than GIF images and are usually smaller in size.

justification
Distributing space between words and letters in lines of text so that the left and right edges are "flush", with the exception of the last line in a paragraph. Also called justified .

Justified
This is when text is aligned vertically on the left AND right margins.

K
Represents the color black, a primary printing process color . Black is shown by the letter K which stands for the key plate , a printing plate that helps position and register other colors. kearning

KB
A kilobyte is a storage unit capable of storing 1,024 bytes of information.

kearning pair
Adjusting (increasing or decreasing) the space between adjoining type characters.

kearning value
Two adjoining type characters to which a particular kearning value is applied.

Kern
to squeeze together characters, for a better fit of strokes and white space. In display type, characters almost need to be kerned because the white space between characters at large sizes is more noticeable.

Kerning
This is the process of selectively adjusting the spacing between letters pairs to improve the overall appearance. The letter pairs that most often need some kind of kerning treatment are AV, AY, PA, and AT. These letter pairs often look awkward together, and need to either be moved closer together, or further apart manually.

key letters/numbers
The space between two adjoining type characters. This value is usually measured in em.

key plate
A line drawing that indicates the size, shape and position for elements such as halftones and type.

Keyline
This is an image placer in layout that represents where an image is to go when it is printed. This placeholder doesn't print, but it fits the position and size of the image that will b e printed in that spot. This Keyline often is a rectangle with an x through it.

Kicker
a brief phrase or sentence lead-in to a story or chapter; usually set smaller than the headline or chapter title, but larger than text type.

Kilobyte
A kilobyte is a storage unit capable of storing 1,024 bytes of information.

knockout
A printing term referring to a printing plate (usually the black plate) used as a guide to position and register additional colors. A printing process used to "knockout" an area of the background color by a foreground object that has been masked off. The background area being masked off does not print.

Kraft Paper
a paper manufactured using kraft pulp, usually noted for its strength. In the kraft pulping process, fiber is separated from lignin by cooking wook chips with steam and pressure. see also bleached kraft, lignin, pulping wood.

landscape
An image or page in a horizontal format, where the width is greater than the height.

Landscape
The orientation of a document that is to display a page length wise instead of up and down. A brochure will often be a landscape document, where the width is wider than the height.

Lap register
used with knockouts, images of different colors are slightly overlapped, to avoid the appearance of a white line between the two inks.

Laser Compatible
paper that performs on a laser printer or copier. Laser compatible paper has good dimensional stability that keeps it from curling, changing shape, and causing paper jams in printers and copiers. All of the premium writing grades that Champion manufactures are laser compatible. see also dimensional stability, xerography.

layout
The process of positioning text and graphics on a page. Also the design of a page or book. This can include page size, page numbers, type size, typeface and titles.

Leader
a line of dots or dashes to lead the eye across the page to separated copy.

Leading (pronounced "led-ding")
The space, measured in points, between the baseline of one line of text to the next baseline of type. (Original name derived from the strips of lead placed between lines of hot type in the early 1900's.)

Letterforms
in typography, the shapes of the characters.

Letterpress
a relief printing method. Printing is done using cast metal type